About Six Degrees of Francis Bacon

Overview

Six Degrees of Francis Bacon is a digital reconstruction of the early modern social network that scholars and students from all over the world can collaboratively expand, revise, curate, and critique. Unlike published prose, Six Degrees is extensible, collaborative, and interoperable: extensible in that people and associations can always be added, modified, developed, or, removed; collaborative in that it synthesizes the work of many scholars; interoperable in that new work on the network is put into immediate relation to previously studied relationships.
This website is hosted by Carnegie Mellon University Libraries, and data is available for download both on this site and as part of the Folger Shakespeare Library's digital collections.

Team

Christopher Warren, Project Co-Founder and Director, is Associate Professor of Literary and Cultural Studies at Carnegie Mellon University. The author of Literature and the Law of Nations, 1580-1680 (Oxford University Press, 2015), which won the Roland H. Bainton Prize for Literature, Warren’s interests include digital humanities, the history of international law, the literature and culture of early modern Britain, and diplomatic, legal, and commercial networks in early modern Europe. His articles have appeared in English Literary Renaissance, The Seventeenth Century, Digital Humanities Quarterly, The Programming Historian, and the European Journal of International Law. Warren directs Carnegie Mellon’s program in Humanities Analytics (HumAn) and the Pittsburgh Consortium of Medieval and Renaissance Studies.
Daniel Shore, Co-PI, is Associate Professor of English at Georgetown University. He is currently completing his second book, Cyberformalism, which argues that full-text searchable archives make possible new objects of philological inquiry. His first book was Milton and the Art of Rhetoric (Cambridge, 2012), and he has published articles on early modern literature and on digital humanities research in PMLA, Critical Inquiry,Modern Philology, Milton Studies, Milton Quarterly, and Early Modern Literary Studies.
Jessica Otis, Co-PI, is Carnegie Mellon's Digital Humanities Specialist in the University Libraries and Visiting Assistant Professor of History. After receiving both her MS in Mathematics and her PhD in History from the University of Virginia, she spent two years as a CLIR-DLF Postdoctoral Fellow in Early Modern Data Curation working on Six Degrees of Francis Bacon. Her research focuses on the cultural history of mathematics, cryptography, and plague in early modern England and her articles have appeared in the Journal of British Studies, Digital Humanities Quarterly, and the International Journal of Humanities and Arts Computing.
Scott Weingart, Co-PI, is Carnegie Mellon University Library’s Program Director of Digital Humanities. His research focuses on early modern scholarly networks, and he has been a member of research teams at Oxford, Stanford, and Huygens ING in their pursuit of Republic of Letters digital projects. Weingart is a co-author of The Historian’s Macroscope (Imperial College Press), and his research has appeared in journals spanning history, philosophy, folklore, archaeology, digital humanities, informatics, and scientometrics.
John Ladd is the postdoctoral research fellow for Six Degrees at Carnegie Mellon and PhD Candidate in English Literature at Washington University in St. Louis. His research explores the many kinds of literary collaboration in seventeenth-century England, using social network analysis and actor-network theory. He has presented at conferences concerning book history, the digital humanities, and early modern studies, and he’s worked on a number of digital projects concerning scholarly editing, network analysis, topic modeling, and machine learning.

Grants and Support

Code

The entire codebase for the site, which uses Angular, Ruby on Rails, and D3, is available in our Github repo. You can also check out the SDFB Network repo for the R code used for network inference of the Oxford Dictionary of National Biography.

Current site:

John Ladd
David Newbury
Density Design Lab: Paolo Ciuccarelli, Tommaso Elli, Michele Mauri, Michele Invernizzi

Original site:

Jessica Otis
Raja Sooriamurthi
Student programmers: Katarina Shaw, Adetunji Olojede, Amiti Uttawar, Miko Bautista, Leonard Sokol, Ivy Chung, Sama Kanbour, Angela Qui, Chanamon Ratanalert, Ally Sorge, Katie Ramp, Jeremy Lee, Sky Krauthamer, Audrey Alpizar, Sherry Chen, Tommy Hung, Zaria Howard, David Gao, Max Harlynking, Amy Li
Technical assistance on both sites from Daniel J. Evans

Network inference code:

Cosma Shalizi
Lawrence Wang
Mike Finegold
David Walling
Xinlian Liu

Data and Permissions

Six Degrees of Francis Bacon is pleased to share visualizations and data free of charge for use by other researchers for non-commercial purposes.
Because Six Degrees of Francis Bacon is a dynamic dataset, uses of and citations to the data should always indicate date of download. If you make use of Six of Degrees of Francis Bacon visualizations, please cite using the box on the main page. Please also tweet about any uses to @6Bacon so we can be aware of how the material is used and so we can help promote your work. Six Degrees is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 Unported License.
To download the current data, first sign in to your account. Click the Download link in the header to see a drop-down menu of the different data sets. Alternatively, click to bring up the data set you're interested in, which you can then either browse online or click the Export button to download the data to your computer.

Publications

Warren, Christopher, Daniel Shore, Jessica Otis, Lawrence Wang, Mike Finegold, and Cosma Shalizi, "Six Degrees of Francis Bacon: A Statistical Method for Reconstructing Large Historical Social Networks", Digital Humanities Quarterly 10.3, URL: http://digitalhumanities.org/dhq/vol/10/3/000244/000244.html
Langmead, Alison, Jessica M. Otis, Christopher N. Warren, Scott B. Weingart, and Lisa D. Zilinski, "Towards Interoperable Network Ontologies for the Digital Humanities", International Journal of Humanities and Arts Computing Vol. 10, Issue 1 (Mar 2016): 22-35, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/ijhac.2016.0157
Ladd, John, Jessica Otis, Christopher Warren, and Scott Weingart, "Exploring and Analyzing Network Data with Python ", The Programming Historian, URL: https://programminghistorian.org/lessons/exploring-and-analyzing-network-data-with-python
Project participants have also presented on Six Degrees in numerous scholarly and public venues, including the annual meetings of the American Historical Association, Modern Language Association, and History of Science Society; (Re)Building Medieval and Early Modern Networks at the University of Maryland; and the Pittsburgh Humanities Festival.

In the News

Six Degrees of Francis Bacon blog
Gizmodo
Tech Times
Times Higher Education
Mental Floss
Daily Mail
Futurity
Smithsonian Magazine
Carnegie Mellon News
The Recipes Project
Pittsburgh City Paper
Texas Advanced Computing Center
Pittsburgh Post-Gazette
90.5 WESA
The Hoya
CMU English Dept.

Advisory Board

David Armitage, MA, PhD, CorrFRSE, FRHistS, FAHA, Lloyd C. Blankfein Professor of History and Chair of the Department of History at Harvard University
Lise Getoor, MS, PhD, Associate Professor, Department of Computer Science and University of Maryland Institute for Advanced Computer Studies
Bethany Nowviskie, MA Ed, PhD, Director of the Digital Library Federation, Council on Library and Information Resources, and Research Associate Professor of Digital Humanities, University of Virginia
Joad Raymond, D.Phil (Oxon), Professor of Renaissance Studies, School of English and Drama, Queen Mary, University of London
Michael Witmore, PhD, Director of the Folger Shakespeare Library